In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components. e.g. "skyscraper"
Thus it creates a new lexeme in that language.
A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection: run, runs, ran, running are forms of the same lexeme, which can be represented by RUN.
cognates, or lexical cognates, are words that have a common etymological origin. Cognates are often inherited from a shared parent language, but they may also involve borrowings from some other language. For example, the English words dish, disk and desk, the German word Tisch ("table"), and the Latin word discus ("disk") are cognates because they all come Ancient Greek δίσκος ("dískos", "disk") which relates to their flat surfaces. Cognates may have evolved similar, different or even opposite meanings.
